If You are interested to learn about the Scala Regular expression
Regular Expressions explain a common pattern utilized to match a series of input data so, it is helpful in Pattern Matching in numerous programming languages. In Scala Regular Expressions are generally termed as Scala Regex.
Regex is a class which is imported from the package scala.util.matching.Regex and it is extensively applied in searching and text parsing. This chapter explains how Scala supports regular expressions through Regex class available in the scala.util.matching package.
Try the following example program where we will try to find out word Scala from a statement.
Example
import scala.util.matching.Regex
object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val pattern = "Scala".r
val str = "Scala is Scalable and cool"
println(pattern findFirstIn str)
}
}
Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.
Command
\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala DemoOutput
Some(Scala)We create a String and call the r( ) method on it. Scala implicitly converts the String to a RichString and invokes that method to get an instance of Regex. To find a first match of the regular expression, simply call the findFirstIn() method. If instead of finding only the first occurrence we would like to find all occurrences of the matching word, we can use the findAllIn( ) method and in case there are multiple Scala words available in the target string, this will return a collection of all matching words.
You can make use of the mkString( ) method to concatenate the resulting list and you can use a pipe (|) to search small and capital case of Scala and you can use Regex constructor instead or r() method to create a pattern.
Try the following example program.
Example
import scala.util.matching.Regex
object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val pattern = new Regex("(S|s)cala")
val str = "Scala is scalable and cool"
println((pattern findAllIn str).mkString(","))
}
}
Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.
Command
\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala DemoOutput
Scala,scala If you would like to replace matching text, we can use replaceFirstIn( ) to replace the first match or replaceAllIn( ) to replace all occurrences.
Example
object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val pattern = "(S|s)cala".r
val str = "Scala is scalable and cool"
println(pattern replaceFirstIn(str, "Java"))
}
}
Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.
Command
\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala Demo
Output
Java is scalable and coolRegex Class in Scala
scala.util.matching.Regex is based on the java.util.regex package in Java. It provides a very clean and concise API. Additionally, with pattern matching, the Regex class gains extra readability.
There are two ways to define a Regex object. First, by explicitly creating it:
val polishPostalCode = new Regex("([0-9]{2})\\-([0-9]{3})")Copy
Second, by using the r method, which is a canonical, Scala-like way to do the same:
val polishPostalCode = "([0-9]{2})\\-([0-9]{3})".r
Copy
Now, let’s have a closer look at typical use cases for regular expressions with Regex.
3. Finding Matches
One of the most common use cases is finding matches in text.
We can use the findFirstIn method, which returns an Option[String] object:
val postCode = polishPostalCode.findFirstIn("Warsaw 01-011, Jerusalem Avenue")
assertEquals("01-011", postCode)Copy
Alternatively, we can use findFirstMatchIn, which returns Option[Match]:
val postCodes = polishPostalCode.findFirstMatchIn("Warsaw 01-011, Jerusalem Avenue")
assertEquals(Some("011"), for (m <- postCodes) yield m.group(2))
Copy
To find all matches, we have similarly-named methods: findAllIn that returns MatchIterator:
val postCodes = polishPostalCode.findAllIn("Warsaw 01-011, Jerusalem Avenue, Cracow 30-059, Mickiewicza Avenue")
.toList
assertEquals(List("01-011", "30-059"), postCodes)Copy
and findAllMatchIn that returns Iterator[Match]:
val postCodes = polishPostalCode.findAllMatchIn("Warsaw 01-011, Jerusalem Avenue, Cracow 30-059, Mickiewicza Avenue")
.toList
val postalDistricts = for (m <- postCodes) yield m.group(1)
assertEquals(List("01", "30"), postalDistricts)
4. Extracting Values
When a regular expression is matched, we can use Regex as an extractor using pattern matching:
val timestamp = "([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2}):([0-9]{2}).([0-9]{3})".r
val description = "11:34:01.411" match {
case timestamp(hour, minutes, _, _) => s"It's $minutes minutes after $hour"
}
assertEquals("It's 34 minutes after 11", description)
By default, Regex behaves as if the pattern was “anchored” — that is, put in the middle of characters ^$ – “^pattern$”. However, we can remove those characters by using the unanchored method of the UnanchoredRegex class:
val timestampUnanchored = timestamp.unanchoredCopy
Now, we can put additional text around the match, and we’ll be still able to find it:
val description = "Timestamp: 11:34:01.411 error appeared" match { case timestampUnanchored(hour, minutes, _, _) => s"It's $minutes minutes after $hour" } assertEquals("It's 34 minutes after 11", description)
Replacing Text
Another crucial feature is replacing text. We can achieve it with the overloaded replaceAllIn method:
val minutes = timestamp.replaceAllIn("11:34:01.311", m => m.group(2))
assertEquals("34", minutes)
Also, we can nicely combine this function with pattern matching:
val secondsThatDayInTotal = timestamp.replaceAllIn("11:34:01.311", _ match {
case timestamp(hours, minutes, seconds, _) => s"$hours-$minutes"
})
assertEquals("11-34", secondsThatDayInTotal)
Forming Regular Expressions
Scala inherits its regular expression syntax from Java, which in turn inherits most of the features of Perl. Here are just some examples that should be enough as refreshers −
Following is the table listing down all the regular expression Meta character syntax available in Java.
| Subexpression | Matches |
|---|---|
| ^ | Matches beginning of line. |
| $ | Matches end of line. |
| . | Matches any single character except newline. Using m option allows it to match newline as well. |
| […] | Matches any single character in brackets. |
| [^…] | Matches any single character not in brackets |
| \\A | Beginning of entire string |
| \\z | End of entire string |
| \\Z | End of entire string except allowable final line terminator. |
| re* | Matches 0 or more occurrences of preceding expression. |
| re+ | Matches 1 or more of the previous thing |
| re? | Matches 0 or 1 occurrence of preceding expression. |
| re{ n} | Matches exactly n number of occurrences of preceding expression. |
| re{ n,} | Matches n or more occurrences of preceding expression. |
| re{ n, m} | Matches at least n and at most m occurrences of preceding expression. |
| a|b | Matches either a or b. |
| (re) | Groups regular expressions and remembers matched text. |
| (?: re) | Groups regular expressions without remembering matched text. |
| (?> re) | Matches independent pattern without backtracking. |
| \\w | Matches word characters. |
| \\W | Matches nonword characters. |
| \\s | Matches whitespace. Equivalent to [\t\n\r\f]. |
| \\S | Matches nonwhitespace. |
| \\d | Matches digits. Equivalent to [0-9]. |
| \\D | Matches nondigits. |
| \\A | Matches beginning of string. |
| \\Z | Matches end of string. If a newline exists, it matches just before newline. |
| \\z | Matches end of string. |
| \\G | Matches point where last match finished. |
| \\n | Back-reference to capture group number “n” |
| \\b | Matches word boundaries when outside brackets. Matches backspace (0x08) when inside brackets. |
| \\B | Matches nonword boundaries. |
| \\n, \\t, etc. | Matches newlines, carriage returns, tabs, etc. |
| \\Q | Escape (quote) all characters up to \\E |
| \\E | Ends quoting begun with \\Q |
Regular-Expression Examples
| Example | Description |
|---|---|
| . | Match any character except newline |
| [Rr]uby | Match “Ruby” or “ruby” |
| rub[ye] | Match “ruby” or “rube” |
| [aeiou] | Match any one lowercase vowel |
| [0-9] | Match any digit; same as [0123456789] |
| [a-z] | Match any lowercase ASCII letter |
| [A-Z] | Match any uppercase ASCII letter |
| [a-zA-Z0-9] | Match any of the above |
| [^aeiou] | Match anything other than a lowercase vowel |
| [^0-9] | Match anything other than a digit |
| \\d | Match a digit: [0-9] |
| \\D | Match a nondigit: [^0-9] |
| \\s | Match a whitespace character: [ \t\r\n\f] |
| \\S | Match nonwhitespace: [^ \t\r\n\f] |
| \\w | Match a single word character: [A-Za-z0-9_] |
| \\W | Match a nonword character: [^A-Za-z0-9_] |
| ruby? | Match “rub” or “ruby”: the y is optional |
| ruby* | Match “rub” plus 0 or more ys |
| ruby+ | Match “rub” plus 1 or more ys |
| \\d{3} | Match exactly 3 digits |
| \\d{3,} | Match 3 or more digits |
| \\d{3,5} | Match 3, 4, or 5 digits |
| \\D\\d+ | No group: + repeats \\d |
| (\\D\\d)+/ | Grouped: + repeats \\D\d pair |
| ([Rr]uby(, )?)+ | Match “Ruby”, “Ruby, ruby, ruby”, etc. |
Note − that every backslash appears twice in the string above. This is because in Java and Scala a single backslash is an escape character in a string literal, not a regular character that shows up in the string. So instead of ‘\’, you need to write ‘\\’ to get a single backslash in the string.
Try the following example program.
Example
import scala.util.matching.Regex
object Demo {
def main(args: Array[String]) {
val pattern = new Regex("abl[ae]\\d+")
val str = "ablaw is able1 and cool"
println((pattern findAllIn str).mkString(","))
}
}
Save the above program in Demo.scala. The following commands are used to compile and execute this program.
Command
\>scalac Demo.scala
\>scala Demo
Output
able1
